POT-HOTLINE (609)893-9168
Email njweedman@yahoo.com
RELIGION- MARIJUANA-
ABORTION
August 1st, 2000
In the last couple of weeks
due to Al Gore’s choice of a running
mate (Sen. Lieberman) religion has become a
major issue in the upcoming election’s.
I personally think Al Gore shot himself in
the foot, the Christian/catholic majority of
this country will not elect a Jew to be vice
president, and will in no way accept his
as president in the future. Religious
freedom doesn’t exist in this country,
it’s a feel good statement for
Christians. This may seem to be a shocker or
a false statement to most but I assure you
it’s true. Religious freedom in this
country is extended only to religions
acceptable to the majority Christian/catholic
faith. Only religion’s, and religious
practice’s acceptable to those
christians are allowed to be exercised
freely.
I myself belong to a minority
religion ( A illegal religion ) and my choice
of my faith has made me a criminal, in much
the sameway individuals like William Penn, or
John Bury from wood England (woodbury’s
NJ name sake) were made criminals in England
for thier’s belief’s. In the
1600’s England passed laws, mandating
that everyone follow the KING’s
religion. In this country our Christian
law-maker’s ban practice’s and
belief’s that don’t conform to
their belief’s, just as the KING
did. Christian’s have made their
belief’s law. Take the Mormon faith,
which had followed old testament
belief’s, and sanctioned polygamous
marriage’s . The Mormon’s had fled
religious persecution in the east and the
mid-west, to settle in mass in the Utah
territory. When the citizens of the Utah
territory applied to become a state, the US
congress forced them to outlaw polygamy,
despite the 1st amendment’s decree
“ Congress shall make no law respecting
or infringing upon religious freedom”,
in order to become a state.
Muslim men are forced to cut
off thier beards, to be employed by state or
federal agencies. Currentedly dozens of
NJ state correctional officer’s are
suiting the state of new jersey to keep thier
beards. What right does a government
agency have telling a person to shave,
forcing them to violate their
belief’s.
Christian law maker’s during
the Alcohol prohibition made exemption’s
for Christian/Catholic’s to have alcohol
(WINE). Yet now during the marijuana
prohibition these same Christian’s make
no exemptions for rastafarian’s, or
coptic christian’s to use marijuana, or
Native American’s to use Peyote. Certain
religion’s are illegal in this country,
i.e. (move, Branch Davidians) I happen to
follow one as well. RASTAFARI in which
marijuana is as much a sacrament to us as
wine is to Catholic’s. I am a
criminal because a major aspect of my
religion was madeillegal by the law
maker’s the follower’s of
Christianity, I’m entitled to choose my
own religion. I’m not a drug addict, I
use marijuana, a plant put here by
“GOD”, it is not a drug. I
don’t use drugs. Only natural herbs, of
which marijuana is the greatest.
In 1484 POPE INNOCENT VII : banned
marijuana with a religious decree: calling
cannabis, the devil’s weed,and
Satan’s herb. And religion’s that
use cannabis satanic cult’s. The
current prohibition on marijuana is a direct
result of this religious decree.
Christian/catholic law-maker’s
still to this day enforce this religious ban
with US law, again despite our
constitution’s guarantee of religious
freedom. I was born a Christian but I
rejected Christianity around the same time I
stopped believing in Santa clause. I explored
Islam for a while, and as a adult choose
RASTAFARI. This is my choice. No government
has the power to make me believe one religion
over another, I have the right to believe
what I want.* The US Constitution ,* the NJ
Constitution , and the *UN Human right’s
declaration which the US signed in 1948 also
say’s this. * The 1964 civil rights act
also protects against religious persecution,
you’d think I’d have help from the
NAACP but most NAACP member’s are
Christians too. They are taught marijuana is
a sin. This is why you'll never see
loudmouths like Al Sharpton helping me even
though I'm black and feel I'm being
discriminated against.
The herb marijuana is one of the
greatest natural medication’s on the
face of the planet but Christian’s in
following their belief’s have ignored,
lied about and outright refused to
acknowledge this. The Burlington County
Family court took my daughter from me because
I prefer to use safe natural marijuana
instead of Christian acceptable chemical
drugs. You think we have religious
freedom, I had my daughter taken from me for
admitting to following my faith and using a
natural substance. I have no visitation
no custody no nothing because of my
belief’s, in this so-called free
country. What’s ironic is it’s
perfectly legal to murder (abort) you kid,
but to use marijuana you can have your kid
taken. Church pews are filled with
women who murdered their kids, but it’s
legal so they can have more, and are allowed
to keep the live one’s.
Edward Forchion -
njweedman@yahoo.com
_________________________________-footnotes-_________________________
* On December 10, 1948 the General
Assembly of the United Nations adopted and
proclaimed the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights .
Following this historic act the Assembly
called upon all
Member countries to publicize the text of the
Declaration and "to cause it to be
disseminated,
displayed, read and expounded principally in
schools and other educational institutions,
without
distinction based on the political status of
countries or territories."
Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion; this right includes
freedom
to change his religion or belief, and
freedom, either alone or in community with
others and in
public or private, to manifest his religion
or belief in teaching, practice, worship and
observance
Entire UN Human Rights declaration can be
found at --
http://www.un.org/rights/50/decla.htm
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*US CONSTUTION - Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the
people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
government for a redress of grievances
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*NJ CONSTUTION ARTICLE 1 (3)
3. No person shall be deprived of the
inestimable privilege of worshipping Almighty
God in a
manner agreeable to the dictates of his own
conscience; nor under any pretense whatever
be
compelled to attend any place of worship
contrary to his faith and judgment; nor shall
any person
be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or other
rates for building or repairing any church or
churches,
place or places of worship, or for the
maintenance of any minister or ministry,
contrary to what he
believes to be right or has deliberately and
voluntarily engaged to perform
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 (Pub. L. 88-352) (Title VII), as
amended, as it appears
in volume 42 of the United States Code,
beginning at section 2000e. Title VII
prohibits
employment discrimination based on race,
color, religion, sex and national origin.
|
For 63 years our government has
been lying to it's people about marijuana. The US
government lies about the benefits of marijuana the
peoples drug, in the exact same way the US tobacco
companies lied about the dangers of tobacco (the
Government drug). 400,000 us citizens die of the
government drug every year, hundreds of thousands
more are ravaged by it's disease. Yet, the
government calls Ganja dangerous, No one dies of
marijuana, in fact most people use it to enhance
their lives. I can personally attest to
this!
Some people use it for spiritual or self-
treatment of personal ailments, most use it just
to feel better. Which isn't a bad thing anyway, unless
your a Republician moral majority type who seem to be
so bored and angry all the time anyway.
They always use their kids as shields,
if they realize you know the truth. Using kids
as a shield in a argument is as cowardly as using a
kid to protect you in a fight. The truth is
eventually kids are going to ask why does the
government lie so much about marijuana, and try it!
STUPID- Do you remember the story about the
naked KING, nobody said anything. The Kings servants
lied to him constantly about his clothes, it was a
kid that finally said the "KING has on no
clothes"! I'm no KID but I've been saying
it since I was a kid! The Government is lying
about Marijuana!
I say to parents stop lying to your
children, marijuana is not a problem the law is, your
kid knows it! - I say to my own kids, look
at what the government is doing to daddy, because
daddy like's herb instead of grape, my life's been
ruined by the law not marijuana. That's why I
wantto beat it, (The Law) I flat out want to win, not
the election, I want to beat the law with a
jury of my peers. I will not accept any form of a
plea bargain.
(I my opinion, plea
bargains are a illegal act of Bribery by the State,
to get citizens to give up their right to a Jury
trial)
Is marijuana addictive:
This is where the government
makes it's biggest lie.
No.
70 million people admit to smoking
marijuana at some point in there lives. Have you
noticed how many people smoke marijuana when they are
young but as they get older they stop, or slow down.
If it was addictive people would continue to use it
for decades like tobacco user's do! Many of you right
now reading this know I'm telling the truth.
I remember when I was a teenager the friends
that tried tobacco and liked it now are reaching
their 20th year smoking tobacco , they are
starting to worry about cancer, that
one or two day drag has now become a 30 or 40
cigarette a day habit. They are tobacco addicts-
While the kids who started out liking marijuana as I
did, smoke a joint or two a day, frequently going
weeks without, tobacco addicts can't do that. The
only reason a pot heads can is because marijuana is
not addictive. Everyday I talk to people who say
they haven't had a joint in years but can't shake the
Federal Drug tobacco.
Gateway drug- Bullshit,
this is the cruelest of lie's. Marijuana
doesn't cause you to try another drug. Maybe the
lie's of government may contribute to that though. The
government lie about marijuana being dangerous is
quickly dispelled by youths who try it. Now
the boogie man lie of government confronts them. They
know the truth! Marijuana is nowhere near the danger
that has been told to them repeatedly, usually by
idiot's in programs like D.A.R.E. Then they
believe the government lied to them about cocaine or
heroin. Guess what that's were the
government doesn't lie, but by the time they know it,
their hooked. The government lie's about marijuana
directly contribute to individuals trying cocaine and
heroin (Hard Drugs).
Just the fact that it is illegal
and not sold in store's or Pub's create's a situation
where the only place to get marijuana is from the
criminal eliment. Who have all sort's of drug's.
You see again the governments irational approach
to marijuana endanger's our youth, it doesn't protect
them. It actually puts them in close contact
with hard drugs. Just look at the success of
countries who treat marijuana differently, (Holland,
Sweden, Germany etc,etc.)
The War on drugs
is a sham, a lawyer sham.
A big money making
legal slavery sham!
The government has absolutely no way of ever
winning the war on drugs. First it's not a
"war" on drugs, it's a war on freedom. How
can this be a free country and the government
regulates our bodies. This is my body, nobody or
nothing but me has the authority to regulate the
intake of my body. I freely choose to ingest
marijuana into it. The government has
absolutedly no legal authority to regulate my body,
if I want to put marijuana into it I shall. And as
long as I remain free I shall do so. And if it's a
"WAR" why isn't the government winning, because
it can't. It doesn't have the will of the
people, the people want the drugs.I know I do.
Lawyer's make the laws so other lawyers can
profit. In this countries "War"
it's the lawyers who are the NAZI's. The Lawyer's
feed off other people's misery, this "war"
they created has caused a lot of misery.
Sooner or later the people are going
to end this "war". They are going to just
stop convicting. Unless those Republican moral
majority nuts take away trial juries that is how the
war is going to end. Before you think I'm crazy, to
think they might try something as un-American as
that, remember just last year (1998) the republican
party was responsible for nullifying the results of
two american elections. And very few people enen
noticed.
(1) In the nations capital, initiative #59 that
would have legalized marijuana in DC for medical
reasons was nullified by congress, and
(2) the state of colorado refused to count the
votes on the legalization of marijuana bill voted on
by the people.
And it goes even further than that, In Sept
1999 (r) Sen Diane Feinstein-cali., and (r) Orrin
Hatch -utah. Proposed a bill that would outlaw
website's like mine, that talk about drugs, or show
people how to grow marijuana as mine does.
The Legalize Marijuana Party -
Homepage - http://www.njweedman.com
-
You can't change a law now, either look at
California, and what the moral majority are doing to
the will of the people of California. The people
of California voted to legalize marijuana, the
government ignores the law and continues to arrest
and threaten. Trust me it's not the Drug
Warriors, it's not the individual state trooper, DEA
Agent, it's the LAWYERS who head up the state and
federal prosecution departments, they are trying to
continue the "War" for the sake misery.
Continue the war, continue the misery.--- continue to
get LAWYERS rich at the expense of others freedoms.
The only way to remove the lawyers from the law
is to advocate Jury Nullification as a way of
changing laws.Those are lawyers (JUDGES)
signing those arrest warrants-- not cops.(They're
are dogs not pigs-- they fetch who and what the
lawyers want like a dog repeatedly getting a stick,
never once asking why?)
JURY NULLIFICATION
The people are going to resort to the
ultimate people's weapon. Jury Nullification.
I don't care how many politicians you talk to, none
of them can say when the "war" is going to
be won or ended. I say it never should have been
started, it's long over due and this is how to gain a
cease fire. Stop convicting. These politicians aren't
going to say it but I will- The people can win
easily,
through Jury Nullification. Government workers will
lie and say the people as jurors have no such power
to nullify, I'm telling you yes they (WE) do. The
power to nullify is entrenched in our constitution,
through the fifth, sixth and seventh amendments. I
say to all individuals who wish to see the war ended
serve on a jury, utilize your rights as a juror and
judge the law as well as the evidence, if the law
goes against your conceince then acquit, especially a
marijuana defendant. The marijuana laws are wrong and
you have every right to Judge the law as well as the
evidence.
In my case Asst State Prosecutor John T. Wynne,
in a response to one of my arguements had to admit
that Jury Nullification was legal. ( " Althought
Jury Nullification is constitutional permissable Mr.
Forchion should not be allowed to argue this before a
Jury." - May 20th, Camden County Superior
Court before Judge Freeman)
The Marijuana
law's are wrong!
You can END the
WAR.
You have to register to vote, do
not trash the jury duty notice, young blacken you
can keep yourselve's out of jail just by registering
in large numbers and trying your best not to be
booted from the jury pool. You're the prosecutors
worst nightmare a jury pool full of
" nigga's". This applies to
everyone, but sometimes I bring up issue's from
angles as I see it from, the race issue is always
here so I talk about it. That's not my
hang-up but I will bring it up from time to time. I'm
not a bigot, I'm a lawyer hater! Both black and
White!
Hundreds of thousands of
citizens are in POW camps (prison) for knowing
the truth.
That Marijuana is a good benifical "God
grown" plant!
End the "WAR" through Jury
Nullification.
The
government can't win this war on us only "we
the people" can!
The War on drugs is a failure!
It's a
failed policy!
|
End The "WAR ON DRUGS" |
The "war
on drugs" approach to preventing drug
addiction has proved not only useless and
enormously expensive, but also unjustifiably
and unbelievably cruel in its application to
the unfortunate drug victims. The use of
criminal prohibitions is profoundly wrong in
principle, generally ineffective in practice,
and has created problems that the drugs
themselves were powerless to create. Criminal
prohibition is profoundly wrong in principle
because the state has no business using its
police powers to punish adult individuals for
what they decide to do with their own minds
and bodies.
On the most basic level, the
state has no legitimate power to send me to
prison for eating too much red meat or
fat-laden ice cream or for drinking a few
beers or glasses of wine each day. This is
true in principle even if an excess of red
meat and ice cream demonstrably leads to
premature heart attacks and strokes. Fat
people like Judge Maria S. Bell in Burlington
County court should be imprisoned and forced
to lose weight, not only for her benifit but
to also remove her example of obesity for the
eye's of Children. Who may grow up thinking
it's OK to be FAT. ( See
Judge Bell)
The police power of the state is
legitimately used to prevent one citizen from
attacking another, or to punish him if he
does; it is illegitimately used to prevent
adults from managing their own bodies and
minds, or to punish them when they do. The
only purpose for which state power can be
rightfully/legally exercised over any member
of a civilized community, against his will,
is to prevent harm to others. His own good,
either physical or moral, is not a sufficient
warrant. These so-called marijuana laws are
illegal in that they are designed to prevent
people from regulating their own bodies with
this natural product.
Although criminalization has not
made drugs less available, it has assured
that they would be available only under the
most dangerous and violent circumstances. And
most of the violence is not due to the
pharmacological influence of drugs but to the
illegality of the market that is created by
the law. Al Capone did not shoot people
because he was drunk and drug dealers do not
shoot people because they are high.
They both settle commercial
disputes with violence in the streets because
prohibition permits no other option.
Criminalization does not deter commercial
transactions; to the contrary, it enriches
criminals and attracts an endless parade of
new entrepreneurs due to the prospect of
stunning profit margins. Criminalization does
not help addicts. The huge amount of spending
on interdiction and other law enforcement
detracts from our ability to provide
treatment on demand to all those who want it.
Three-quarters of the swollen federal drug
policy budget remains devoted to law
enforcement, much of it to interdiction,
despite the fact that no serious student of
interdiction thinks it has worked or that it
can work.
Federal criminalization has clogged
the federal court system and, according to
Chief Justice William Rehnquist, is having
deleterious consequences for the
administration of justice. Our 85-year
experiment with criminal prohibition of
drugs, and the esca- lation of that
experiment since 1980, has not solved the
problems it was meant to solve and it has
created other serious problems resulting from
the excessive and unprincipled use of the
government's police power. Criminalization
has eroded the Fourth Amendment creating in
effect what Justice Thurgood Marshall once
called "a drug exception" to the
Constitution. It has resulted in widespread
urine testing, what Justice Antonin Scalia
has called "an immolation of privacy and
human dignity." It has led to an
unprecedented explosion of racially skewed
incarceration. Despite the fact that most
drug users are white, most of those arrested
and imprisoned are people of color. TRUST
ME THIS IS NO ACCIDENT - The War on Drugs
is a legal way to enslave . It's just a means
to commit legal slavery!
Drug prohibition has become an engine for
the restoration of Jim Crow justice. (LOCK
UP THE NIGGA'S) It has led to the spread
of AIDS, a genuine public health disaster,
because of prohibition on the availability
and distribution of clean needles. It has
violated sound medical practice by
restricting the use of methadone as a
prescriptive medicine and by interfering with
the management of pain, wasting syndrome and
glaucoma by barring the medical use of
marijuana and by resisting the scientific
research that would go beyond anecdotal
evidence. It has swept away the right not to
have your property taken without due process
of law, though the extensive use of civil
asset forfeiture, a practice one leading
historian has called a government
"license to steal." It has
established a pretext for racial profiling on
our highways, in our airports, at our customs
checkpoints and on our streets that are based
not on evidence but on skin color. Above all,
criminalization has intruded the state into
that zone of personal sovereignty where the
state should never be allowed to go, at least
not in a society that calls itself free. By
failing to distinguish between users and
abusers, the government has demonized all
drug use without differentiation, has
systematically and hysterically resisted
science and has turned millions of stable and
productive citizens into criminals. While
beer or alcohol user's aren't imprisioned
just for possesion of alcohol, other drug
user's are. A alcoholic has to break other
laws to be subject to government
intervention, while Potheads are imprisioned
just for having it.
The
Hippocratic principle that governs medical
practice is: "First, do no harm."
Criminal prohibition has, since 1914, done
immense harm, without achieving its stated
goals. It's time to initiate a serious and
extensive study of drugs, their benefits and
their harm, and the proper role of government
in mediating such harms as may exist. I
believe such an inquiry, fairly conducted,
will lead to the conclusion that
criminalization was a mistake, and that both
freedom and safety, as well as a concern for
addicts, require the abandonment of criminal
prohibition and the development of a
differentiated and appropriate regulatory
system to control the availability of
drugs.
Edward Forchion
LMP of South Jersey
|
Guest Editorial
The
Dr.'s so on target I had to print this!
Steven Fenichel, MD
420 West Church Street
Absecon, NJ 08201
e-mail anadi2000@earthlink.com April
2, 2000
Editor
Dear Editor
This letter is in response to an
article, in a Philadelphia newspaper on March
31, entitled Ex-Executive Admits To
Gardening Pot. (Click here
to read)
Al Gore and Bill Clinton are
self-confessed pot users. G.W.Bush has
been outed as a cocaine head. These
hypocritical drug warriors are shattering the
lives of millions of responsible adults who
have a God-given right to choose Marihuana
over Martinis. What is their vision of
a Drug Free America? Millions in prison
or slave labor, and only enthusiastic
supporters of government policy allowed to
hold jobs, attend school, have children,
drive cars, own property. News media
and public interest advertising telling us
this is the America for which all good
citizens yearn.
What harm was being done by the
Executive growing Cannabis in the privacy of
his own home? The system, which placed
him on a year’s probation and is legally
stealing half the equity in his $350,000
home, is the real criminal. No
different than the judges in the 1930s
Germany, the American judge only looks to see
if the proper authority issued a law.
Insane laws against the Jew in Germany and
insane laws against the drug user in America
are the same roads to the Totalitarian State.
This Executive earning more than
$1M is an exception, for most of the drug
war’s victims are poor. More than
two-thirds of the 2 million American
prisoners are the poor, caught up in the drug
war’s evil web. Most never had a
trial but were intimidated by the Prosecutor
and agreed to sign away their lives in a plea
bargain. America, Land of the Free has
the dubious distinction of jailing more of
its citizens per capita than any other nation
in the entire world. The largest
growing prison population is young women
leaving behind their young children.
In America it seems people are
embracing an illusion-filled myth and keeping
their eyes tightly closed to a very
unpleasant reality- our country is losing its
soul as well as her Bill of Rights in pursuit
of a failed drug policy.
Sincerely,
Steven Fenichel, MD
|
| LEGALIZE? OR REPEAL? "He
that would make his own life secure, must
guard even his enemy
from oppression, for if he violates this
duty, he establishes a precedent
that will reach himself."
-- Thomas Paine
The moral abomination we know as the
War on Drugs has acquired a
counterfeit legitimacy. It has gone so long
unchallenged that it has become an
institution. Although the true nature
of this monstrosity is now plain
for all to see, once an evil institution is
firmly established, it is very
difficult to destroy it. Especially since so
many unprincipled
parasites and predators have become
financially dependent upon it.
Nothing less than an across the
board repeal of prohibition is morally
acceptable. It would be a fundamental
error to "gratefully" accept
a
token legalization. To do so would be to
concede that government sanctioned
prohibition has constitutional
legitimacy. It does not! It does not
because prohibition violates the sovereignty
over his own body that is the
birthright of every human being. Prohibition
is repugnant to the spirit of
America's fundamental legal source - the
Declaration of Independence. It is
appalling that so many so-called
intellectuals have missed this vital truth.
It
shows that America cannot rightly claim to be
a nation with an unshakable
philosophic commitment to individual
rights. Why have we forsaken our
birthright?
Hypocrisy comes easy to most folks.
It is easy to moralize about human
rights violations occurring in other nations
while giving support to
violations in ones own neighborhood. By now,
virtually every American who has not
himself fallen victim to the drug war has a
respected friend, acquaintance, or
relative who has. Yet, like craven
cowards, we continue to acquiesce
in this persecution and extortion by
arbitrary law.
To be half free is to be half
enslaved and one cannot be both free
and
enslaved. In man's enduring War on
Tyranny there can be no half
measures and no substitute for victory.
Nothing less than an across the board
repeal of prohibition is acceptable.
Prohibition is, quite simply,
unconstitutional.
Bastiatlaw@aol.com
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
THE CONSTITUTION'S ACHILLES' HEEL
"To regulate Commerce with foreign
nations, and among the several
States."
The Constitution's commerce clause
is the Constitution's Achilles'
heel. It is the gateway to evil laws.
Exploited by criminals in Congress, and
their criminal underwriters who occupy
judgeships, it reverses the roles of
the American People and their government.
Instead of protecting the people
from the excesses of the government itself,
the government now shields
itself from the limitations set by the
unalienable rights of the Citizen. In
spite
of historical evidence, the fact that
political freedom and economic
freedom are inseparable evades us still.
The easily misused commerce clause
encourages intrinsically criminal
legislation. The Framer's mistaken
assumption that posterity would
share their respect for principles continues
to bring suffering into the
lives of Americans hobbled by ignorance.
Ignorance is the gateway to slavery.
Drug prohibition is rooted in
Congress' fraudulent use of the
Constitution's commerce clause. By fraudulent
use of the commerce clause, criminals
in Congress have made statutory criminals of
persons who have committed
no real crime. Congressional fraud gives
political and judicial predators
criminal license to prey on harmless
citizens.
America's Judges have become the
administrators of revenue collecting
agencies called courts (OUR courts).
They have been instrumental in
causing much of law enforcement to degenerate
into a Gestapo. In one form or
another the rabid lifestyle police are
virtually everywhere, spying, lying,
and violating the Bill of Rights for
excitement and profit. These morally
bankrupt merchants of misery clog the
courts with things that are
unnecessary, unprincipled, unjust and
downright evil. Those of us not
favored by the Establishment are fair
financial game for these unprincipled
thugs that make and retrieve the kills for
the rest of the judicial industry
to feast upon.
Bastiatlaw@aol.com
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
IN THE LIGHT OF OUR FUNDAMENTAL
LEGAL SOURCE
(The Declaration of Independence)
'He has refused his Assent to Laws,
the most wholesome and necessary
for the public Good."
Rather than Assent to the Bill of
Rights, Congress and the judges have
imposed laws and doctrines upon the
People that are in stark
contradiction to the just principles
supporting human freedom. Congress has
created
unconstitutional laws by fraudulent
employment of the Constitution's
commerce clause. Are congressmen aware that
fraud is intrinsically criminal? We
pay them to know such things.
Legalize? Nonsense, I say. Why beg
for the return of something that
government had no right to take away in
the first place? Those who beg
for legalization are conceding that
government has the right to prohibit.
It does not, and it never did. The Pursuit of
Happiness is not a crime - it is
a secured right.
"There are a thousand striking
at the branches of evil to one who is
striking at the root."
- Henry David Thoreau
Fraudulent employment of the
Constitution's commerce clause by the
Legislating Looters has caused the
evolution of a Judicial Industry
that continues to grow more vicious and
greedy with every law-extorted
dollar. Fraud and extortion are intrinsically
criminal. Choosing alternatives
to highly toxic ethyl alcohol is not.
Now that you know who the real
criminals are, forget about begging for
legalization and DEMAND the repeal of
prohibition.
"That among these are Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness."
The qualifier "among"
acknowledges unalienable rights not yet
recognized. An individual's right to his life
is the primary right, while liberty is
the value that makes all other values
possible. How could one possibly
pursue happiness without being at liberty to
do so?
The Pursuit of Happiness is a
constitutionally secured right. Neither
legislation nor judicial construction
can make it criminal. However,
much of our constitutional liberty is already
lost to unjust laws created by
legislating looters, judicial
parasites, and well meaning fools.
Unconstitutional laws have cast us
into a pit already filled with
legal vipers. These laws must be repealed
outright, not merely altered or
nullified by more needless laws. It is better
to remove mines than to
manufacture artificial limbs.
Freedom to pursue happiness means
that each individual is at liberty
to spend, or expend, his own life in any way
he chooses, free from
restraint or coercion. A person even has the
right to terminate his own life when
he knows that it is in his best interest to
do so.
Responsibility for an individual's
happiness is personal. The only
rightful role government plays in an
individual's happiness, is, to protect
him
from force and fraud. Unfortunately for the
People, government and the
Establishment that it serves are now
the worst offenders.
When petitions for a redress of
grievance are consistently ignored,
the right to rebellion is legitimized.
Redress today must include financial
remedy for the victims of laws created by
fraudulent interpretation of the
Constitution's commerce clause.
Bastiatlaw@aol.com
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
An open Letter to the Citizens of the
American Republic
(America's most dangerous enemies are
legislators and judges.)
Fraudulent use of the Constitution's
commerce clause has given
legislating and judicial criminals the power
to punish arbitrarily selected
personal vices and pleasures. Intrinsically
criminal fraud makes America's
legislators and judge's criminals. From a
constitutional point of view, there is
not one legislator or judge in all America
who is philosophically fit to
serve, and not one media columnist or editor
who has the moral fortitude to
propagate the WHOLE truth.
We are living in a LEGALOCRACY i.e.,
a nation ruled by lawyers, career
politicians, and lawyers who are career
politicians who impose
arbitrary laws that go unchallenged by the
People. Unfortunately, we hear much
about
"corporate welfare" and
absolutely nothing about "welfare"
for the
evil Judicial Industry. At least the drug
dealer/entrepreneurs give you
something for your money. By contrast,
America's legal system is little more
than an evil extortion racket that can
legally arrest, impoverish, and even
imprison a Citizen of the Republic even
though he has done nothing
intrinsically criminal. The so-called crime
is having chosen an alternative to
highly toxic ethyl alcohol or having chosen
to relieve personal suffering by
exercising the unalienable right to
self-medication with one's drug of choice.
The Declaration of Independence is
America's fundamental legal source
and the Pursuit of Happiness is not a crime.
We, the Citizens of the American
Republic must stop snapping at the
heels of the Evil Establishment and
go for the monster's jugular. We must DEMAND
the repeal of all laws that are
repugnant to spirit of the Declaration
of Independence.
The Legislating Looters who make
fraudulent use of the Constitution's
commerce clause, and the Judicial
Despots who underwrite their crimes,
must be served the justice they have
earned. Those who knowingly profit
from laws that are in fact intrinsically
criminal must be included.
Unconstitutional prohibition is the linchpin
for the tyranny apparatus that is
systematically destroying constitutional
American liberty. The legislators and
judges
should get down on their knees and beg - yes
beg - the American People not to
hang them for the crimes they perpetuate.
WE, the Citizens of the American
Republic must abandon support for
political parties and unite for
Constitutional action. We, the People must
learn
to wield the undistorted Law of the
Land without interference from
members of the sinister, secretive, and
monopolistic Brotherhood of the Bar.
THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT
"No State shall MAKE or ENFORCE
any law which shall abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens of
the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty or
property, without due process of law;
nor
deny any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws."
The Fourteenth Amendment is a legal
weapon just waiting to be used by
the People. It is a morally
unassailable declaration that
individual
rights are the premier consideration of
American law. It is America's
fundamental
writ of mandamus.
To learn more about the criminals
who perpetuate the destruction of
constitutional American liberty
contact:
Tinsley Grey Sammons
SelfSovereign Publications
Email: BASTIATLAW@AOL.COM
|
FROM WELFARE STATE
TO PRISON STATE
Imprisoning the
American Poor By
Loic Wacquant, Lecturer at the University of
California, Berkeley
Le Monde diplomatique
July 1998 (Translated
by Julie Stoker )
Prisons in the
"free world" are full to bursting
point, and fullest of all
are US jails.
Over the past twenty years, exacerbated by
ever increasing
inequalities,
preoccupation with the virtues of law and
order has led to a
toughening of
penalties. Worst hit have been those
excluded from the
"American
dream". The US is constantly
tightening its social welfare budget,
but its generosity
knows no bounds when it comes to controlling
and
incarcerating those
whom it has deigned neither to educate and
care for, nor
provide with housing
and an adequate diet.
"Realism" and "combating
insecurity" are
the reasons cited by those who now call for
"an eye for an
eye" in an
attempt to justify criminalising the
poor. This US model is now
taking hold
internationally, and in some countries in
Europe it even seems
to be attracting a
number of leaders on the left - despite the
fact that
prison is not the
only method of punishment.
Just as in those
heady post-war days, Europe's political
elites, bosses and
opinion-formers are
looking to the United States with fascination
and envy,
largely because of
the performance of the US economy.
Allegedly, the key to
US prosperity and
the supposed solution to mass unemployment is
simple: less
intervention by the
state. It is true that the United
States - and in its
wake, the United
Kingdom and New Zealand - has slashed social
welfare
spending and pared
down the rules on hiring and - above all -
firing so as
to establish
"flexible" working as the norm in
relation to employment and
indeed
citizenship. It is easy for advocates
of neoliberal policies that
involve stifling the
welfare state to claim that introducing
"flexibility"
has stimulated an
increase in wealth and job creation, but they
are more
reticent about
discussing the consequences of wage dumping:
in this instance
widespread social
and physical insecurity and a spiralling in
inequality
leading to
segregation, crime and the decay of public
institutions.
But it is not
enough to measure the direct social and human
costs of the
system of social
insecurity that the US is proffering as a
model to the rest
of the world
(1). There is also its sociological
counterpart: a boom in the
institutions that
compensate for the failures of social
protection (the
safety net) by
casting over the lower strata of society a
police and
criminal dragnet
that gets harder and harder to escape.
As the social state
is deliberately
allowed to wither, the police state
flourishes: the direct
and inevitable
effect of impoverishing and weakening social
protection.
The increase in the
prison population, control of increasing
numbers of
people on the
margins of the prison system, the spectacular
boom in the
penal sector at both
federal and state level and the continuing
rise in the
number of black
prisoners are the four significant factors
defining penal
trends in the United
States since the complete change in social
and racial
attitudes that began
in the 1970s. That change was triggered
by the
democratic progress
secured as a result of Black protest and the
popular
protest movements
that surged in its wake (students, women,
opponents of the
Vietnam war and
environmentalists) (2).
Prisoner numbers
have risen dramatically at all three tiers of
the prison
system: in the town
and county jails, in the central
penitentiaries of the
fifty states and in
the federal penitentiaries. During the
1960s the US
prison population
was shrinking, so much so that by 1975 it had
fallen to
380,000, having
declined slowly but consistently (by about 1%
a year over a
ten year
period). The talk at the time was of
emptying the prisons, of
alternatives to
imprisonment and of reserving jail sentences
for criminals
who posed a serious
threat (between 10% and 15% of the prison
population);
there were even
those who ventured to predict that there
would soon be no
prisons at all
(3). But that trend was rapidly and
dramatically to be
reversed: ten years
later the prison population had soared to
740,000 and,
by 1995, it was in
excess of 1.6 million. During the
1990s, prisoner numbers
have been increasing
by 8% annually.
A tripling of the
prison population in fifteen years is
unprecedented in a
democratic
society. It leaves the United States
far outstripping the other
developed countries
since its rate of imprisonment - 645
detainees per
100,000 of the
population in 1997, that is five times the
1973 level - is
between six to ten
times higher than that of the countries of
the European
Union (see table 1)
(4). Not even South Africa in the days
of the apartheid
regime was throwing
as many of its citizens into jail as does the
US
currently.
Justice "by
race"
Number of prisoners
per 100,000 adults (table 1)
1985
1990
1995
-------------------------------------------------------------
Blacks
3544
5365
6926
Whites
528
718
919
Disparity
3016
4647
6007
Ratio
6.7 to 1
7.4 to 1
7.5 to 1
Source: Bureau of
Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations
in the United
States, 1995,
Government Printing Office, Washington, 1997.
5.4 million US
citizens somewhere in the prison system
In California,
not so long ago the national champion of
education and
public health but
now a believer in prison across-the-board,
the number of
prisoners held in
its state jails alone rose from 17,300 in
1975 to 48,300
in 1985 and, by
1995, had passed the 130,000 mark. If
we add to that the
number of prisoners
held in the county jails (Los Angeles alone
holds 20,000
prisoners), the
total is a staggering 200,000, equivalent to
the population
of a large French
provincial town.
But the
extraordinary expansion of the US penal
empire extends beyond the
great
"lock-up" as the century draws to a
close. There are also those
individuals placed
on probation or parole. It has not been
possible to
expand prison
capacity fast enough to absorb the growing
stream of convicts,
with the result that
the numbers kept on the margins of the prison
system
have increased even
more quickly than the number held
inside. In 1995, 3.1
million people were
on parole and 700,000 on probation, a total
of nearly 4
million,
representing more or less a fourfold increase
over 16 years.
Consequently, in
1995, there were 5.4 million Americans in
prison or within
the prison system,
accounting for 5% of men aged 18 and over and
one in five
black males (and the
reason for that will become clear below).
What is more, in
addition to intermediate penalties available
to it, such as
house arrest or
confinement in a boot camp (disciplinary
detention centre),
intensive probation
and telephonic or electronic surveillance
(using
bracelets or other
technical gadgetry), the penal system has
been able to
spread its tentacles
considerably further as a result of the
increase in the
number of data banks
that have provided many new ways and centres
of
distance
monitoring. During the 1970s and the
1980s, the Law Enforcement
Administration
Agency (the federal body responsible for
crime prevention)
encouraged the
police, courts and prison authorities to set
up centralised
and computerised
data banks, and they have since proliferated.
The new synergy
between the penal system's
"capture" and
"observation"
functions (5) means
that there are now more than 250 million
"rap sheets"
(as against 35
million ten years ago) covering some 30
million individuals:
close on one third
of all adult males! The data banks can
be accessed not
only by the FBI and
the INS (responsible for policing foreigners)
and the
social services, but
also by individuals and private bodies.
Employers
commonly use data
banks to sift out ex-prisoners trying to find
work. And so
what if the data is
frequently incorrect, out-of-date, trivial or
indeed
illegal? The
fact that it is available leaves not only
criminals and crime
suspects, but also
their families, friends, neighbours and
neighbourhoods,
targets of the
police and prison system (6).
The lust for
prisons is both dependent on and triggers a
spectacular
expansion in the
penal sector at federal and local
level. All the more
remarkable because
it comes at a time when the public sector is
having to
tighten its
belt. Between 1979 and 1990, the states
increased their spending
on prisons by 325%
on operational costs and 612% on buildings -
that is to
say three times more
rapidly than national military spending, even
though
the latter enjoyed a
privileged position under the Reagan and Bush
administrations.
Since 1992, four
states have allocated more than a billion
dollars to prison
spending: California
($3.2 billion), New York State ($2.1
billion), Texas
($1.3 billion) and
Florida ($1.1 billion). All in all, in
1993, the United
States spent 50%
more on its prisons than on the judiciary
($32 billion as
compared with $21
billion), whereas ten years earlier, budget
levels were
the same for both
(in the region of $7 billion).
The policy of
prison expansion is not, however, a
Republican prerogative.
Over the past five
years, President Bill Clinton has been
declaring just how
proud he is to have
put an end to "big government" and
the commission for
reform of the
federal state, chaired by his would-be
successor,
Vice-President Al
Gore, has been busy pruning public sector
programmes and
jobs.
Meanwhile, 213 new prisons have been built -
a figure that does not
include the private
institutions that have proliferated as a
lucrative
market in the sector
has been opened up (see "A boom in
private
penitentiaries").
At the same time, the number of employees in
federal and
state penitentiaries
alone has risen from 264,000 to
347,000. Consequently,
according to the
office of census, the training and hiring of
prison
officials is the
area of government activity that has seen the
most rapid
growth over the past
decade.
The money has to
come from somewhere, and when there is a
fiscal squeeze,
the only way of
increasing spending on prisons and prison
staff is to cut
the resources
allocated to social welfare, health and
education. De facto,
the United States
has opted to construct detention centres and
prisons for
its poor, rather
than clinics, day nurseries and schools
(7). Since 1994,
for instance, the
annual budget of the California Department of
Correction
(responsible for
state detention centres in which prisoners
serving more
than a year are
held) has been higher than that allocated to
the University
of California.
The budget that Governor Pete Wilson proposed
in 1995 was
actually designed to
get rid of a thousand jobs in higher
education in order
to fund jobs for
3,000 prison warders. That is a
decision that weighs
heavily on the
public purse because in California a
"screw" earns 30% more
than a lecturer
because of the political influence wielded by
the prisoner
officers' trade
union.
Along with this
boom in the prison sector has come
"lateral" expansion of
the penal system and
thus a huge increase in its capacity to hold
and
neutralise.
But the main "beneficiaries" of
this additional capacity are
poor families and
districts, and particularly black enclaves in
the cities.
That much is clear
from the fourth major trend in the US prison
system: a
continuing rise in
the numbers of Black prisoners, so much so
that since
1989 and for the
first time in history, Black Americans make
up the bulk of
prisoners, even
though they account for barely 12% of the
total US
population.
Discriminatory
police practices
In 1995, of 22
million black adults, 767,000 were held in
prison, 990,000
were on probation
and 325,000 others on parole - a total of
9.4% caught
somewhere in the
grip of the prison system. As far as
Whites are concerned,
an estimate that is
on the high side puts the figure at 1.9% for
a
population of 163
million adults (8). In terms of
prisoner numbers alone,
the disparity
between the two population groups is 1:7.5,
and it has been
steadily worsening
over the past ten years: 528 compared with
3,544 for
every 100,000 adults
in 1985, and 919 compared with 6,926 ten
years later
(see table 2).
Over a lifetime, a Black male has a
one-in-three chance of
spending at least a
year in prison and an Hispanic a one-in-six
chance,
whereas a White has
just a one-in-twenty-three chance.
This phenomenon -
that criminologists tactfully refer to as
"racial
disproportionality"
- is even more marked among young people,
prime targets
of the
criminalisation of poverty. More than a
third of Blacks aged between
20 and 29 years are
either in prison, under the authority of a
judge
responsible for the
execution of sentences, or awaiting
trial. In the big
cities, the figure
is substantially higher than 50%, and in some
places, in
the heart of the
ghetto, in excess of 80%. So much so
that, to take an
expression borrowed
from the tragic memory of the Vietnam War,
the operation
of the US justice
system could be described as a "search
and destroy"
mission targeted on
young Blacks (9).
Europe
"lagging behind"
Rates of
imprisonment in the United States and Europe
in 1993 (table 2)
(number
of prisoners per 100,000 of population)
United States
(entire)
546
Georgia
730
Texas
700
California
607
Florida
636
Michigan
550
New
York
519
Italy
89
United
Kingdom
86
France
84
Germany
80
Holland
51
Source: Bureau of
Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations
in the United
States, Washington
1996, and Council of Europe, Penological
Information
Bulletin No 19-20,
December 1995.
A predisposition
to crime only partly explains the huge
disparity between
Whites and Blacks in
the prison population. Mainly, it
reflects the
fundamentally
discriminatory nature of police, court and
prison practice.
The proof is that
Blacks account for 13% of drug users (more or
less
equivalent to the
proportion of Blacks in the population) but a
third of
those arrested and
three-quarters of those imprisoned for drug
offences. The
policy of a
"war on drugs", along with
abandonment of the goal of
rehabilitation and
an increase in ultra-repressive penalties
(the widespread
application of a
system of irreducible fixed penalties,
automatic life
imprisonment for a
third offence and more severe penalties for
public order
offences), is one of
the main causes of the rise in the prison
population
(10).
In 1995 six out
of ten of those newly convicted were put in
jail for
possessing or
dealing in drugs. Imprisonment is one
area in which Blacks
benefit from
"positive discrimination", in
itself an irony at a time when
the United States is
turning its back on the affirmative action
programmes
that were designed
to reduce the most glaring racial
inequalities in access
to education and
jobs.
But what matters
more than all the statistics is the rationale
underlying
the shift from
social welfare to a toughening in penal
policy. Far from
being inconsistent
with the neoliberal programme of deregulation
and decline
of the public
sector, the rise in prominence of the US
penal system reveals
the true picture,
reflecting a policy of criminalising poverty
which
inevitably goes
hand-in-hand with the imposition of insecure
and underpaid
jobs, as well as the
restructuring of social welfare programmes to
make them
more restrictive and
punitive. When imprisonment was
institutionalised in
America in the
mid-19th century, it was primarily conceived
as a method of
controlling deviant
and dependent population groups, and the
majority of
those imprisoned
were the poor and immigrant workers newly
arrived in the
New World (11).
Nowadays, the US
prison system performs a similar role in
regard to those
groups who have been
rendered superfluous or who no longer fit in
as a
result of the
restructuring of both employment relations
and public welfare:
the shrinking
working class and the Blacks. As a
result, it has become a
vital instrument of
government by poverty, used to underpin the
principle of
flexible working at
the point where the market in unskilled
labour, the
urban ghetto and the
"reformed" social services meet.
Unemployment
under wraps
To begin with,
the prison system makes a direct contribution
to regulating
the lower segments
of the labour market - and does so in
infinitely more
coercive fashion
than any social charge or administrative
rule. Its effect
here is artificially
to compress unemployment levels both by
forcibly
abstracting millions
of males from the job-seeking population, and
also by
boosting employment
in the prison goods and service sector.
It is, for
example, estimated
that during the 1990s US prisons brought down
US
unemployment figures
by two percentage points. According to
Bruce Western
and Katherine
Beckett, taking into account the differences
in levels of
imprisonment in the
two continents, and contrary to the idea
commonly
accepted and
actively disseminated by the advocates of
neoliberalism, for 18
of the past 20 years
US unemployment rates have been higher than
those of
the European Union
(12).
However, Western
and Beckett show that the jump in the prison
population is
a two-edged weapon:
while in the short term it makes the
employment picture
look rosier by
cutting labour supply, in the longer term it
will inevitably
worsen the
employment situation by making millions of
people more or less
unemployable.
Although imprisonment has cut US unemployment
levels, the
prison system will
have constantly to be abandoned to keep those
levels
down.
The fact that
Blacks are massively and increasingly
over-represented at all
levels of the prison
system highlights its second function in this
new form
of government by
poverty: it is to replace the ghetto as a
means of
containing
population groups considered deviant and
dangerous, not to
mention superfluous
from both an economic and a political point
of view -
Mexican and Asian
immigrants are far more docile. Poor
Blacks hardly ever
bother to vote and
the country's electoral centre of gravity has
in any
event shifted
towards the White suburbs. To that
extent, prison is merely
the ultimate
manifestation of a policy of exclusion of
which the ghetto has
been a means and an
end since it first appeared in history.
The penal
institutions are now directly tuned into the
bodies and programmes
responsible for
"assisting" marginal groups.
While the ethos of punishment
inherent in the
penal system tends to contaminate and then
redefine the aims
and machinery of
social welfare, prisons have, like it or not,
to deal
urgently - and with
the resources available to them - with the
social and
medical ills that
their "clientele" has been unable
to remedy elsewhere.
Finally, the
effect of budgetary constraints and the
political philosophy of
decreasing state
intervention has been to open up both social
assistance and
prisons to the
market. Many states, like Texas and
Tennessee, are already
keeping substantial
numbers of prisoners in private jails and
subcontracting
to specialist
companies responsibility for administrative
follow-up of
recipients of
welfare benefits. One way of earning a
buck from the poor and
criminals, both
ideologically and economically.
What then we are
witnessing is the establishment of a
commercial socio-penal
complex designed to
monitor and penalise those population groups
that refuse
to submit to the new
economic order (13) with a gender-based
division of
labour: the penal
element covers males in the main, while the
welfare
component supervises
the women and children. And the same
people shuffle
around within this
more or less closed circle.
The American
experience shows that today, just as at the
end of the last
century, rigidly
separating social policy and penal policy -
or, to take it
one further, the
labour market, social welfare (if you can
still call it
that) and prison -
means that we are left understanding neither
(14).
Wherever it
becomes a reality, the neoliberal utopia
brings with it, for the
poorest in society
and also for all who find themselves excluded
from what
remains of protected
employment, not more, but less freedom, or
indeed no
freedom at
all. It does this by taking us back to
the repressive paternalism
of another age when
capitalism was rampant, now bolstered by an
omniscient
and omnipotent
punitive state.
----------------------
(1) See articles
on "Eternel retour du 'miracle'
am?ricaine", Le Monde
Diplomatique,
January 1997, and Lo?c Wacquant, "La
g?n?ralisation de
l'ins?curit? sociale
en Am?rique", Actes de la recherche en
sciences
sociales, December
1996.
(2) David
Chalmers, And the Crooked Places Made
Straight: The Struggle for
Social Change in the
1960s, Temple University Press, Philadephia,
1991, and
James T. Patterson,
Grand Expectations: The United States
1945-1974, Oxford
University Press,
1996.
(3) On those
debates, see Norval Morris, The Future of
Imprisonment, The
University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974.
(4) Unless stated
otherwise, all of these statistics are drawn
from various
publications of the
Bureau of Justice Statistics of the Federal
Department
of Justice (in
particular its periodic reports on
Correctional Populations
in the United
States, Washington, Government Printing
Office).
(5) Diana Gordon
gives an excellent description of that
synergy in The
Justice Juggernaut:
Fighting Street Crime, Rutgers University
Press, New
Brunswick, 1991.
(6) The State of
Illinois has put on the Internet the
description and a
summary of the
criminal record of all of its prisoners, so
that anyone can
find out about a
prisoner's previous offences just by clicking
the mouse.
(7) See the data
compiled by Steve Gold, Trends in State
Spending, Center
for the Study of the
States, Rockefeller Institute of Government,
Albany
(New York), 1991.
(8) That estimate
actually makes no distinction between Whites
of Anglosaxon
origin and people of
Hispanic origin, thereby automatically
pushing up the
level of Whites of
European origin. The effect is being
compounded as time
goes by with rates
of imprisonment rising most rapidly among
Hispanics in
recent times.
(9) Title of
Jerome Miller's authoritative work, Search
and Destroy:
African-American
Males in the Criminal Justice System,
Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge,
1997.
(10) For a
discussion of these various points, see Lo?c
Wacquant, "Crime et
ch?timent en
Am?rique de Nixon ? Clinton", Archives
de politique criminelle,
Paris, No 20, Spring
1998.
(11) David
Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social
Order and Disorder
in the New Republic,
Little, Brown, Boston, 1971, pp 239-240.
(12) Bruce
Western and Katherine Beckett, "How
Unregulated is the US Labor
Market? The Penal
System as a Labor Market Institution",
presentation to the
annual congress of
the American Sociological Association, 39
pages, 1997, p.
31.
(13) Lo?c
Wacquant, "Les pauvres en p?ture: la
nouvelle politique de la
mis?re en
Am?rique", H?rodote, Paris, No 85,
Spring 1997.
(14) As shown by
David Garland in Punishment and Welfare: A
History of Penal
Strategies, Gower,
Aldershot, 1985, in regard to the paradigm
case of
Victorian England.
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